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86% to 94% of variance in item difficulty was explained by four theoretically derived levels of multiplicative operation sense in validation studies. This dataset contains a validated psychometric test instrument for assessing 5th-grade students' conceptual understanding of multiplication and division operations. The instrument was developed and validated by Eva Schultheis, with a main validation study published in April 2026.
Primary file is a DOCX document containing the test instrument and validation study details; raw student response data is not included. License is CC-BY-4.0, requiring attribution.